As some of this is down my lane, I will add a few general comments.
1. I like to hover around L/240 deflections (stiffness). In most lumber construction cases, deflection drives the design. It might be 'safe' but a bouncy floor is not pleasant.
2. I have no idea as to your area soil or wind design parameters, but it is total ignorance to build anything without uplift performance in the design. A deck can get some nasty uplift in high wind. Uplift provisions can be done easily with a galvanized bolt or two about 6-8" up from the bottom of columns if you are going to concrete them in. Then dig slight outshoots in the bore hole so concrete cannot come straight out. Takes 5min. For a mental picture just imagine pulling up a perfect cylinder out of the dirt, vs a cone shape. You don't need to go nuts.
3. Off the cuff, 3ft column depth is likely in the ballpark to achieve moment resistance in the ground.
4. Again, I don't know your soil, but usually about 1500psf for bearing (down force) is reasonable for columns. Absolutely never just put support columns in the ground without a footing! You need to add up all loads and consider practicality. Lets say your deck is 10x12, and we want 40psf live (people on it) and 10psf dead (weight of the deck). That is 120sf*50psf. That is 6000lbs. half of that is supported by the home, so now 3000lbs to the front columns. If you have two, that is 1500lbs on each one. If soil capacity is 1500psf, you need 1sf of footing to support that properly.
As for the footing, it can be as simple as putting a little quickcrete in the bottom, but I like to use precast cookies. Can get them anywhere. 3" thick will probably do here.
Lost count how many decks I have seen where those columns are literally sitting on concrete piers just sitting on the dirt! Yep, $10,000 deck with no footings or uplift protection. Also a guarantee to see settling or frost heave in other parts of the globe.
5. Oh, I forgot. Use hangers! AND, NEVER use deck screws to attach them! Use proper hanger screws or nails. Does not cost much.